Mnazi Bay Gas Wells Deliver 1st Gas to Tanzania Pipeline

East Africa-focused junior producer Wentworth Resources announced Friday the first gas delivery from its Mnazi Bay Concession in southern Tanzania to the country's new transnational pipeline. Wentworth said that two wells are now producing, with the three remaining wells expected to be put on production in the coming months. Initial production volumes will be used for commissioning purposes and to fill the pipeline, with production rates expected to increase to 70 million cubic feet per day by October this year and 80 MMcf/d by the end of 2015. Wentworth added that the Mnazi Bay joint venture partners have agreed payment security terms with Tanzania Petroleum Development Corporation, the buyer of the gas, and various other parties. Wentworth Managing Director Geoff Bury commented in a company statement: "We are very pleased to announce that production from Mnazi Bay has now commenced and the Mnazi Bay joint venture is the first supplier to the new transnational pipeline in Tanzania. Concluding the payment guarantee and starting production in our Mnazi Bay gas fields are pivotal events for Wentworth and underpin the long-term viability of our operations in East Africa and our partnership with Maurel & Prom and TPDC. "Wentworth is well positioned to become a significant gas producer in Tanzania, where supply and demand dynamics offer an opportunity which we and our partners are uniquely placed to realize. We expect to exit 2015 in a strong financial position."

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See Why Crude Oil Price Will Stay Low All through 2015 and About Mid -2016

 Now, a lot of people don’t understand what’s going on  and they dont know what causes the low crude  prices ? and they think that OPEC is trying to punish the US Shell players and that’s not it at all. OPEC did nothing, nothing, they just didn’t cut production and they’re doing it for two very important reasons.

Number one, they’re sticking a knife in Russia’s back while Russia’s down because they got really upset over the whole Ukraine thing. Number two is they’re punishing the other OPEC members that went rogue that didn’t cut production eight months ago when they asked them to like Brazil and Venezuela.

So, keeping oil below $85 a barrel is destroying Russia’s economy and it’s destroying Venezuela and Brazil as well, so that’s what’s going on. We are predicting that those crude prices will stay low all through 2015 and about mid-2016, it will get back up to $85 a barrel

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See Where does Petroleum Come from

We are going to talk Origin of petroleum

But First  I will talk about the origin of the world itself, Rock outcrop at the surface of the earth have been producing oil for century and this oil was known as rock oil, Because at that period oil was seeping out the rock, But at the middle of 19 century some body called the word Petroleum, Petro is greak word meaning rock and leum is latin word meaning oil and they combine these two word called petroleum. Then become popular word and eventually the word adopted by industry itself and now is known as petroleum industry

 Where does petroleum come from?

 There are two theory about where petroleum come from

·         Organic theory :State that oil was developed over millions of years from organic materials from remains of animals and plants that were once alive, the proteins life floaded in the sea like plankton and algae then die and fed to the bottom of the ocean.

·         Inorganic theory In this teory the source of oil is from chemical reactions between minerals, In the laboratory scientists have been able to make methane gas by applying heat under high pressure to minerals even though a very small percentage of oil today may have developed from in organic chemical reactions between minerals the source of most our oil appear to be the result of organic decomposition.

These decomposition is the decay of the remains of animals and plants that died millions of years ago

                When am talking about animals that was died and generate oil am talking about tiny microscopic animals that live in the sea eg plankton and algae

    These animals die under special circumstances, and what do I mean by that?

         As you know when most animals die other animals and bacteria arrive to consumes the remains living nothing. In the shallow water where these animal live, sweep current come on and push these down to where there is no enough oxygen to live and so they die. These animals went from an aerobic environment where there is plenty of oxygen to an anaerobic environment where there is little oxygen where all die at the same time.

In an anaerobic there also not enough oxgen for most animals microbs or bacteria to come along and eat the remains of planktons and algae so the just lie there until the get buried by particles of silt and sand.

Over period of millions of years these layers of remains in sand and silt particles are buried and curved by more layer until first layer become very deep. All the way of these layer to press down and squeezed caused increased in pressure and temperature until the sedimentary layers are formed into shale, sediment change into rock, and little dead microbs get cooked into hydrocarbon.

These is the theory of how petroleum and coal is made.

Oil is made from animal like plankton

Coal is made from vegetation like plants

Gas is made from deeper formation where microbes are cooked longer

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This is How To Drill Oil and Gas Well

          Now, during this lesson, we will see how to drill them.
1. First of all, let’s see how to describe the subsurface characteristics, in order to plan the design of the future well and to define the phases of the drilling job.
2. Then, we’ll describe the drilling system, and how the driller can manage the drilling process safely.
During the exploration phase a well is needed to confirm the presence of oil or gas in the reservoir.
Some appraisal wells are needed for the delineation process.
Moreover, at the end of the reservoir strategy study, a reservoir model defines how to develop the field, and, more particularly, where to drill the wells and the contribution of each of them to the production plateau.
The role of the driller is to build these wells required for the field development.
A well is an expensive item. It must be carefully studied and planned before being drilled. The well preparation phase involves coordinated work between geoscience engineers and drilling/completion engineers.
How to design a well?
In order to set up the drilling program, the driller needs to know the location of the rig, where the well has to enter the reservoir, the trajectory of the well in the reservoir for a good connection between the well and the reservoir, and the formations to be drilled. Let’s detail the description of the subsurface.
For each formation to be drilled, there are 2 characteristics that need to be known accurately:
1. the pore pressure
2. and the fracture pressure.
The pore pressure is the pressure of the fluid within the grains of the rock. It depends on the depth of the formation and on its nature (sandstone, shale, …).
The fracture pressure corresponds to the minimum pressure to be applied on the rock to generate a fracture.
When the formation is drilled, the well is full of a fluid: the drilling mud, which is directly in contact with the rock, and applies a pressure on it: Pmud.
The mud pressure depends on the depth. One of the roles of the mud is to maintain the interstitial fluid within the rock, in order to avoid a kick.


During the drilling process, the mud is in contact with the rock, which contains a fluid within the grains.
A fluid always flows from high pressure to a lower pressure. If the mud pressure is higher than the pore pressure, the formation fluid cannot enter the well. It remains in the formation and there is no risk of blowout.
During the drilling process, the mud is in contact with the rock, which contains a fluid within the grains.
The mud pressure has to be lower than the frac pressure, in order to avoid the rock being fractured. To conclude, keep in mind that the mud has to be designed so that the mud pressure belongs to the interval between the pore pressure and the frac pressure. This interval is called the mud window.
Both Ppore, in red, and Pfrac, in blue, can be plotted on a (pressure/depth) graph.
The mud pressure has to be in the yellow zone, which is called the mud window. For each lithology to be drilled, the mud has to be well adapted to its characteristics. The well is therefore drilled in different phases, each phase corresponding to a new mud to be used.
At the end of a phase, a casing is installed and cemented to protect the well from the formation already drilled and to finalize the well walls.

The definition of each of these phases is called the well design.
A typical well design is as follows:
1. The first tubular is the conductor pipe installed by the civil engineer before the rig
arrives on site.
2. The next phases are drilled using the rotary drilling technique.
3. The surface casing maintains the unconsolidated surface formations and protects the groundwater.
4. The intermediate casing protects the well from the formations or fluid which could prevent the drilling process from continuing.
5. The last casing is the production casing which allows the reservoir to be isolated.
6. During the last phase the well enters the reservoir.
When a well is an exploration well, designing is much more difficult , due to a lack of measurements and information to describe the subsurface. The mud window is not accurately known. Such uncertainties have to be taken into consideration in the drilling process.
When a well has to be drilled in a new region, there are many uncertainties about the data, including that related to the pore and frac pressure profiles. On the contrary, when a development well is planned, it benefits from data from the surrounding wells already drilled. In this case, the pressure profiles are well known, and the uncertainties are lower.
Let’s mention that the trajectory of a well can be vertical, deviated, or horizontal. The choice of the trajectory depends on the location of the rig, the location of the target of the well when it enters the reservoir, and the trajectory of the drain in the reservoir itself. These two last data are defined and given by the reservoir engineer to the driller.

How a well is drilled in practice? Mechanically, a vertical force applied on the drilling bit (the weight on bit), together with a movement of rotation, generates down to the bit the power necessary to destroy the rock. A hook hangs up the drill string, which is composed of several tubulars screwed together, and, at the bottom, there is a drilling bit.
Both the weight on bit and the rotation per minute, which is given by the rotary table located at the rig floor, are controlled by the driller to maximize the rate of penetration of the bit.
Their optimization depends on several parameters, including the kind of rock to be drilled: the regulation of the hook height controls the part of the total weight of the drillstring applied on the bit, the rotation is often given by a rotary table located at the rig floor.
The mud circuit is combined to the mechanical part of the system.
Firstly, the pump sends the mud at high pressure through the discharge line, the stand pipe, the rotary hose and the top drive, into the pipes.
The mud flows in the drill string down to the bit and catches the small pieces of broken rock, the cuttings, to transport them up to the surface in the space between the drill string and the well walls.

At the surface, the cuttings, the sand and the silt are removed from the mud through shale shakers and other systems.
The mud can be sent to the tanks in order to be re-injected.
In order to control the well in case of blowout, a Blow Out Preventer is installed between the top of the well and the rig floor. This BOP stack is composed of an annular BOP and different rams able to close the well in case of emergency. The size of the BOP is adapted to the maximum pressure that can be encountered during the drilling process.

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